Idan kuna tunanin nazarin Ilimin Tattalin Arziki ko kuma kawai kuna son ƙarin fahimtar labaran tattalin arziki, anan zaku sami jagora mai fa'ida kuma cikakke. Manufar ita ce ka bar sanin abin da mahimmin kalmomi ke nufi.yadda suke cudanya da juna da kuma dalilin da ya sa suke shafar walat ɗin ku da kuma ayyukan ƙasa.
Baya ga ayyana ra'ayoyin, zaku ga misalai na yau da kullun da wasu na tarihi waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen kawo ra'ayoyin zuwa ƙasa. Daga yanayin farashin damar da kuma ka'idar samarwa da buƙataDaga GDP, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, rashin aikin yi, yanayin tattalin arziki, kasuwannin hada-hadar kudi, da manufofin kasafin kudi: za mu bi ta mataki-mataki tare da hanya mai amfani.
Menene tattalin arziki?
A takaice dai, ilimin tattalin arziki shine kimiyyar da ke nazarin yadda muke gudanarwa ƙarancin albarkatu don biyan buƙatuManyan jami'ai uku sun haɗa da: iyalai, kasuwanci, da gwamnatocin jama'a, waɗanda ke yanke shawara ƙarƙashin ƙarancin lokaci, kuɗi, da iya aiki.
Duk ya samo asali ne daga rashin ƙarfi: ba za ku iya samun komai a lokaci ɗaya ba, don haka zabar ya haɗa da bada wani abu. Wannan "wani abu" da kuka bari yana da suna: ƙimar damarIdan kun ajiye don gaba kuma ba ku yi wannan tafiya na mafarki ba, tafiya ita ce damar damar yanke shawara.
Don fahimtar yadda kayayyaki da ayyuka ke zagayawa, yana da taimako don ganin dukkan sarkar: samarwa, rarrabawa, ciniki da amfaniKa yi tunanin gidan biredi: da farko yakan samar da burodi, sannan ya sanya shi a cikin akwati ko kuma a kai shi gida, ya sayi gari ya sayar da burodi don biyan kuɗi kuma, a ƙarshe, cin abinci yana zuwa lokacin da abokin ciniki ya sayi burodin ya ci.
Akwai kuma shawarwarin da aka yanke ta hanyar kwatanta fa'idodi da farashi na gefe. Yawan amfanin ƙasa yana raguwaSanwici na farko yana kawar da yunwa, na biyu kuma shine "ƙasa kocin," mahimmin fahimta don fahimtar dalilin da yasa muke daina cin abinci lokacin da muka gamsu.
Ka'idoji na asali waÉ—anda suka cancanci kulawa
Muhimmiyar ka'ida ita ce ta damar damaYa bayyana a cikin yanayi dubu: idan kun saka hannun jari a kamfani É—aya, kuna iya barin wata dama mai fa'ida; An yanke shawara mafi kyau ta hanyar kwatanta madadin.
Wani ra'ayi na tsakiya shine kwatanta amfaniWannan ka’idar, da David Ricardo ya danganta, ta bayyana cewa kasa ta ƙware ne a kan abin da take samarwa a mafi ƙarancin farashi na dangi, ba lallai ba ne abin da ta fi dacewa da cikakkiyar ma’ana. Misali, Jamus ta yi fice a motoci y Colombia in kofi, wanda ke haifar da ciniki mai amfani.
La rage girman amfani Yana bayyana halayen amfani yau da kullun. Cin sanwici na biyu yana ba da ƙarancin gamsuwa fiye da na farko; don haka, gabaɗaya, farashin da muke shirye mu biya don ƙarin raka'a yana raguwa.
Yawancin nazari da yanke shawara na aiki kuma ana samun su ta hanyar ƙarfafawa. Rarraba ayyuka a cikin masana'antar takalma ( tafin kafa, fata, yadin da aka saka) yana ƙaruwa da inganci godiya ga ƙwarewa, yana ba ku damar samar da ƙari kuma mafi kyau tare da wannan ƙoƙari.
Macroeconomics: samarwa, farashin da aikin yi
Babban ma'aunin zafi da sanyio na tattalin arziki shine Samfurin Kayan Cikin Gida (GDP)Yana nuna jimillar darajar abin da ake samarwa a cikin ƙasa a cikin lokaci (yawanci shekara guda). Ya haɗa da kayayyaki na zahiri (motoci, gidaje, injina, tufafi) da ayyuka (makamashi, kiwon lafiya, sadarwa, da sauran su).
Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don kallonsa: da GDP mai tasiri yana nuna ainihin abin da aka samu; GDP a kowace kalma danganta wannan samarwa ga yawan jama'a; da GDP mai yiwuwa yana ƙididdige matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa mai ɗorewa tare da babban jari, aiki, da fasaha; da kuma Green GDP daidaita arziki ta hanyar lissafin tasirin muhalli.
La inflation Shi ne na gama-gari da kuma dorewar karuwar farashin. Yawancin lokaci ana auna shi da fihirisa kamar CPI. Ci gaba da farashi yana ƙaruwa yana lalata ikon siye kuma yana dagula tsarin iyali da kasuwanci.
Akwai kuma akasin lamarin, da deflationLokacin da tsammanin faduwar farashin ya kai ga jinkirta sayayya (misali, kayan aiki), yana sanya matsin lamba kan kamfanoni su rage farashin don siyarwa. Idan wannan hali ya ci gaba, cinyewa yana faÉ—uwa kuma yana iya dagula koma bayan tattalin arziki.
Wani macro ginshiƙi shine kasuwa na aikiMuna magana ne game da rashin aikin yi idan aka sami yawan mutanen da ke neman aiki fiye da sauran guraben aiki. Akwai rashin aikin yi na tsari (rashin daidaituwar fasaha), rashin aikin yi na yanayi (na al'ada na wasu sassa), da rashin aikin yi na cyclical (wanda ke da alaƙa da lokutan koma bayan tattalin arziki).
Tattalin arzikin ba ya ci gaba a madaidaiciyar layi: yana wucewa tattalin arziki tare da fadadawa da raguwa. Hukumomi na iya yin amfani da manufofin procyclical (ƙarfafa alkiblar sake zagayowar) ko manufofin ƙetare (neman lalata yanayin). Tarihi ya ba da alamu: tsakanin 1930 zuwa 1932, alal misali, an sami raguwa na kusan 17,6% da ke hade da Babban Mawuyacin hali.
Microeconomics: mabukaci da yanke shawara
La dokar bukata Ya bayyana cewa idan farashin ya faɗi, adadin da ake buƙata yana ƙaruwa (kuma akasin haka). Misali, lokacin da wayar hannu ta yi arha, ana ƙarfafa mutane da yawa su saya, wanda ke nuna wannan alaƙar da ke tsakanin farashi da yawa.
La bayar Yana aiki akasin haka: a farashin mafi girma, samarwa ya zama mai ban sha'awa kuma adadin da ake bayarwa yana haɓaka haɓaka, muddin masana'antun suna da ƙarfin faɗaɗa samarwa. Na roba (na buƙatu da wadata) yana auna yadda waɗannan adadin ke da mahimmanci ga canje-canjen farashin; idan ya fi 1 girma, muna magana ne game da babban elasticity.
Akwai kuma giciye-lasticityWannan yana ɗaukar yadda buƙatun mai kyau ɗaya ke canzawa lokacin da farashin wani (masu maye ko kari) ya canza. Misali, tashin farashin mai na iya canza buƙatun na'urorin dumama wutar lantarki idan gidaje sun daidaita yadda suke amfani da makamashi.
La unitary elasticity Bayyana yanayin inda canjin kashi na farashin yayi daidai da canjin kaso na adadin da ake buƙata: idan kantin sayar da takalma ya ɗaga farashin da kashi 25% kuma ya sayar da ƙasa da kashi 25%, ƙarfin shine 1.
A cikin tsarin kasuwa, akwai yanayi na komai (mai bayarwa guda daya) da na oligopoly (yan fafatawa). Harkokin sufurin jiragen kasa a Spain, alal misali, ya tafi daga wani yanki mai zaman kansa zuwa yanayi tare da masu aiki da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai tasirin waje: idan gonar lemu ta ɗauki ƙarin mutane don faɗaɗa samarwa, tana haifar da a tabbataccen waje game da aikin gida.
Bayarwa, buƙata da elasticities: abubuwan da ake buƙata
Haɗin kai tsakanin samarwa da buƙata yana ƙayyade farashi da yawa a kasuwanni. Lokacin da bukatar yana da ƙarfi sosaiƘananan canje-canje a farashin yana haifar da manyan bambance-bambance a cikin yawa; lokacin da buƙatu ba ta da ƙarfi, yawa da kyar ke amsawa. Wani abu makamancin haka yana faruwa tare da wadata: babban elasticity yana nufin masana'antun suna mai da martani sosai ga farashin.
Nauni ya dogara da dalilai kamar kasancewar maye gurbinsuAbubuwa irin su yawan kuɗin shiga da mai kyau ke sha, yanayin lokaci, ko buƙatar samfurin duk suna taka rawa. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da yasa amfani ke amsa daban-daban ga canjin farashin mai fiye da canjin farashin biredi.
Don yanke shawara mai fa'ida, manazarta yawanci suna nazarin ba kawai abin da ake samarwa da buƙatun ba, har ma da farashi da ƙima. Ƙirƙira tare da ƙayyadaddun farashi da ƙima Yana ba mu damar fahimtar lokacin da ya dace don tsawaita canje-canje ko saka hannun jari a cikin injina.
Kafaffen farashi (haya, inshora, wasu albashi) ba sa bambanta da adadin da aka samar; farashi masu canzawa (kayan albarkatun kasa, amfani da makamashi, dabaru) suna karuwa lokacin da aka samar da ƙari. Wannan bambance-bambancen yana taimakawa wajen ƙididdige maƙasudin karya riga shirya farashi mai dorewa.
GDP da abubuwan da ke cikinsa: amfani, saka hannun jari, kashewar gwamnati da kasuwancin waje
An rarraba GDP ta hanyar amfani da hanyar kashe kuÉ—i amfani, zuba jari, kashe kudaden jama'a da daidaiton kasuwanci (fitarwa ban da shigo da kaya). Hanya ce mai ba da koyarwa don fahimtar abin da ke haifar da girma.
El amfani masu zaman kansu Iyali yawanci suna wakiltar kaso mafi girma a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Ƙara yawan kudin shiga da za a iya zubarwa ko amincewa yakan haɓaka kashe kuɗi; ƙananan kuɗin ruwa kuma yana ƙarfafa sayayya akan bashi, yayin da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki na iya lalata ikon saye.
La zuba jari Ya haɗa da kashe kuɗi akan manyan kayayyaki (injuna, kayan aiki, fasaha), da kuma babban kuɗin aiki (kayayyaki, tsabar kuɗi), R&D, da horar da ma'aikata. Ya ƙunshi sadaukar da amfani na yanzu don samar da samarwa da samun kudin shiga na gaba.
El kashe kudi na jama'a Ya haɗa da komai daga kiwon lafiya da ilimi zuwa abubuwan more rayuwa. Ana ba da kuɗin kuɗi ta hanyar haraji, bashi, kuma, a wasu yanayi, ƙirƙirar kuɗi. Sigar kudi Yana da tasiri ga hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, rashi, da nauyin bashi; shi ya sa manufofin kasafin kudi ke zama batun ci gaba da muhawara.
El cinikayyar kasashen waje Yana ba da ƙwarewa (fa'idar kwatankwacin), samun dama ga manyan kasuwanni, rarrabuwar haɗari, da canja wurin fasaha. daidaitaccen ciniki Yana auna bambanci tsakanin fitarwa da shigo da kaya: ragi idan kun fi fitarwa; rashi idan kun shigo da ƙari.
Kumburi, girma da rashin aikin yi: mahimmin haÉ—in kai
Lokacin da babban farashin farashin ya tashi, farashin kayan masarufi yana ƙaruwa kuma tattalin arzikin yana fuskantar ƙalubale. Farashin abinciMisali, yana shafar gidaje kai tsaye, kuma idan albashi bai ci gaba da tafiya ba, ikon siye ya ɓace.
Dangane da ci gaban tattalin arziki, tattalin arzikin da ke haɓaka GDPn sa da kashi 2% a kowace shekara yana faɗaɗawa, amma ba duk ci gaban yake ɗaya ba. Farashin shekara-shekara da kwata Suna taimakawa wajen fahimtar saurin gudu da hawan keke. Tsawon tsawaitawa na iya haifar da koma bayan tattalin arziki.
Akwai abubuwa masu rikitarwa kamar su stagflationWannan na faruwa ne lokacin da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki da kuma tabarbarewar tattalin arziki suka zo daidai. Rikicin mai na shekara ta 1973, tare da hana samar da kayayyaki da kuma karuwar farashin danyen mai kwatsam, babban misali ne na firgici da ke kawo cikas ga farashi da ayyukan tattalin arziki lokaci guda.
Don sashi, da rashin aikin yi Yana ba da amsa duka biyu zuwa ga tarin buƙatu (ƙarin ayyuka yayin haɓakawa, ƙarancin lokacin koma bayan tattalin arziki) da kuma abubuwan tsari (ƙwarewar fasaha, fasaha, ƙa'ida). Bambance tsakanin waɗannan dalilai shine mabuɗin don tsara ingantattun manufofi.
Ka'idodin kuɗi da banki da kuke buƙata
A cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, ma'amala da kiredit da asusu ya zama ruwan dare. jinginar gida Sayen gida sau da yawa yana buƙatar garanti kuma ya haɗa da riba: idan kun karɓi rancen Yuro 5.000 akan 5%, zaku biya babba tare da adadin da aka amince a cikin kwangilar.
Ana gano asusun banki ta lambar IBAN. IBAN ta kunshi Haruffa biyu na ƙasa (ES a Spain), lambobi biyu na rajista, huɗu na banki, huɗu don reshe, ƙarin lambobi biyu, da takwas don lambar asusun. Bita wannan yana hana kurakuran rubutu da matsaloli tare da canja wuri.
Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a rarrabe tsakanin Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga da APRkazalika da fahimtar kudade da duk wani samfuri masu alaƙa. Yin shawarwarin da aka sani yana buƙatar kwatanta tayi da kimanta nauyin kuɗi na tsawon lokaci.
Manufar tattalin arziki da tsari
Hukumomi suna amfani da su kasafin kudi (Haraji da kashewa) don daidaita tattalin arziki. Haɓaka haraji da rage kashe kuɗi abu ne mai takurawa; rage haraji da karuwar jarin jama'a yana fadadawa. Dangane da sake zagayowar tattalin arziki, ana ba da shawarar matakan ƙima don rage duka haɓaka da raguwa.
Ra'ayoyin na masana tattalin arziki masu tasiri kamar Keynes WaÉ—annan manufofin sun tsara tarihin waÉ—annan manufofin. Baya ga tsarin kasafin kudi, akwai manufofin kudi (kudin kudin ruwa da samar da kudi) wanda babban bankin ke gudanarwa, wanda ke shafar bashi da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.
Tsarin tsari yana ba da tabbacin gasa ta gaskiya, kariyar mabukaci, kwanciyar hankali na kuÉ—i da tabbacin doka. Kyakkyawan tsari kuma isassun kulawa wani bangare ne na yanayin ci gaba mai dorewa.
Girma da hawan keke: matakai da kasuwanni masu tasowa
Ayyukan tattalin arziƙi na ci gaba cikin matakai: faɗaɗawa, kololuwa, ƙanƙancewa, da tudun ruwa. A lokacin koma bayan tattalin arzikiGDP ya fadi, rashin aikin yi ya tashi da kwangilar amfani; bayan buga dutsen ƙasa, farfadowa ya fara kuma, tare da shi, sabon saka hannun jari da yanke shawara.
A cikin kasuwanni masu tasowa Sau da yawa ana lura da fasalulluka gama gari: manyan canje-canje na zamantakewa, rashin haɗin gwiwar aji na tsakiya, babban yuwuwar girma, buɗe ido ga duniyar waje, haɗarin siyasa, ci gaba mai banƙyama (tare da ƙarin canji) da ƙarancin kwanciyar hankali.
Ga masu zuba jari, fahimtar sake zagayowar shine mabuɗin. Akwai hanyoyin da ke tsara bincike zuwa matakai: kasuwa-kasa, sashe da kimaNa farko, ana kimanta yanayin macro; sannan, dakarun da ke bangaren; a ƙarshe, asusun da kuma abubuwan da kowane kamfani ke da shi.
Zuba jari da kasuwannin kudi
Kasuwannin kuɗi suna haɗa masu tanadi da masu saka hannun jari tare da ayyuka da kamfanonin da ke buƙatar kuɗi. Ana sayar da hannun jari, shaidu, da sauran kadarori a cikinsu, kuma Farashin yana nuna tsammanin game da fa'idodi, ƙimar riba da kasada.
Lokacin da farashin ya haura sosai kuma a hankali, muna magana akai kasuwar bijimiIdan raguwa da rashin bege ya yi rinjaye, yana da rauni. A yayin da ake ci gaba da raguwa, ana samun ƙarin siyarwa, kuma ana ƙara haɓaka, don haka yana da kyau a gudanar da haɗari cikin hikima.
Muhimmi: duk bayanan ilimi akan tattalin arziki da kuɗi yakamata a ɗauka azaman Abubuwan ilimi, ba shawarar saka hannun jari baGudanar da ajiyar kuɗi yana buƙatar kimanta manufofin, hangen nesa, da haƙurin haɗari.
Horowa, kayan aiki da damar aiki
Nazarin tattalin arziki yana ba da ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa game da jama'a da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Manhajoji na yanzu sun haɗa ka'idar tare da aikiSun haɗa da nazarin bayanai da aiki tare da ƙwararrun kayan aikin kamar Bloomberg, SPSS ko R, da ƙarfafa tunani mai mahimmanci.
Bugu da ƙari, digiri ɗaya, abu ne na kowa don samun digiri biyu waɗanda ke haɗuwa Tattalin Arziki tare da digiri a Gudanar da Kasuwanci, Doka ko Alakar Duniyada takamaiman ƙwararru kamar kuɗi ko kasuwancin duniya. Wannan haɗin yana faɗaɗa kewayon damar aiki kuma yana ba da hulɗa tare da duniyar kasuwanci ta hanyar horarwa.
Ilimin tattalin arziki da ake nema baya tsayawa a cikin aji: bayanan kasuwanci, manufofin EU da kasuwannin duniya Waɗannan yankuna ne na ƙwarewa inda mahimman ra'ayoyin ke da alaƙa da ainihin yanke shawara na kamfanoni da cibiyoyi.
Abubuwan amfani, alhakin amfani, da hanyoyin haÉ—in kai masu amfani
Lokacin koyo a cikin mahallin dijital, yana da kyau a tuna cewa shahararrun shafuka suna ba da bayanai game da su Kariyar fasaha, kukis da kariyar bayanaiYawancin lokaci suna daki-daki game da sharuɗɗan amfani, haƙƙin samun dama/gyara/sharewa da manufofin haɗin gwiwa, da kuma gargaɗin cewa amfani da gidan yanar gizon yana nuna yarda da waɗannan sharuɗɗan.
Don ƙarin bayani, zaku iya tuntuɓar kayan ilimi da ilimi waɗanda ke haɓaka waɗannan batutuwa dalla-dalla. Wasu albarkatun zazzagewa Waɗannan na iya taimakawa:
- Takardu mai ba da labari kan mahimman ra'ayoyin tattalin arziki
- Ka'idodin tattalin arziki na asali tare da mai da hankali kan É—a'a
- Bayanan gabatarwa akan tattalin arziki
Idan ka fi son tsarin agile da na gani, akwai kuma abun ciki akan kafofin watsa labarun da kwasfan fayiloli wanda ke bayyana waɗannan ra'ayoyi tare da misalan yau da kullun da lokuta na gaske; za su iya zama abin ƙarfafawa ga karatun ku.
Fahimtar tattalin arziƙi baya buƙatar dabaru masu rikitarwa, sai dai sanin yadda ake fassara yadda ƙarancin albarkatun, abubuwan ƙarfafawa, da yanke shawara na gamayya suke hulɗa. Idan kun fahimci ƙarfin buƙatun samarwa, abubuwan da ke cikin GDP, hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, da rashin aikin yi Kuma yadda aka tsara manufofin kasafin kuɗi da na kuɗi, kuna da kwarangwal na kusan kowane labari ko rahoton tattalin arziki; sauran aiki ne da sha'awar haɗa ka'idar tare da abin da ke faruwa a kan titi.